Calcium carbide, also known as calcium acetylide, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of CaC2. Its main use industrially is in the production of acetylene and calcium cyanamide.[3]
The pure material is colorless, while pieces of technical-grade calcium carbide are grey or brown and consist of about 80&#;85% of CaC2 (the rest is CaO (calcium oxide), Ca3P2 (calcium phosphide), CaS (calcium sulfide), Ca3N2 (calcium nitride), SiC (silicon carbide), C (carbon), etc.). In the presence of trace moisture, technical-grade calcium carbide emits an unpleasant odor reminiscent of garlic.[4]
Applications of calcium carbide include manufacture of acetylene gas, generation of acetylene in carbide lamps, manufacture of chemicals for fertilizer, and steelmaking.
[
edit
]
Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke at approximately 2,200 °C (3,990 °F).[5] This is an endothermic reaction requiring 110 kilocalories (460 kJ) per mole[6] and high temperatures to drive off the carbon monoxide. This method has not changed since its invention in :
The high temperature required for this reaction is not practically achievable by traditional combustion, so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes. The carbide product produced generally contains around 80% calcium carbide by weight. The carbide is crushed to produce small lumps that can range from a few mm up to 50 mm. The impurities are concentrated in the finer fractions. The CaC2 content of the product is assayed by measuring the amount of acetylene produced on hydrolysis. As an example, the British and German standards for the content of the coarser fractions are 295 L/kg and 300 L/kg respectively (at 101 kPa pressure and 20 °C (68 °F) temperature). Impurities present in the carbide include calcium phosphide, which produces phosphine when hydrolysed.[7]
This reaction was an important part of the Industrial Revolution in chemistry, and was made possible in the United States as a result of massive amounts of inexpensive hydroelectric power produced at Niagara Falls before the turn of the 20th century.[8] The electric arc furnace method was discovered in by T. L. Willson, and independently in the same year by H. Moissan.[9][10][11] In Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian industrialist Josef Kranz and his "Bosnische-Elektrizitäts AG" company, whose successor later became "Elektro-Bosna", opened the largest chemical factory for the production of calcium carbide at the time in Europe in . A hydroelectric power station on the Pliva river with an installed capacity of 8 MW was constructed to supply electricity for the factory, the first power station of its kind in Southeast Europe, and became operational on 24 March .[12]
[
edit
]
Pure calcium carbide is a colourless solid. The common crystalline form at room temperature is a distorted rock-salt structure with the C22&#; units lying parallel.[13] There are three different polymorphs which appear at room temperature: the tetragonal structure and two different monoclinic structures.[1]
[
edit
]
[
edit
]
The reaction of calcium carbide with water, producing acetylene and calcium hydroxide,[5] was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in .
This reaction was the basis of the industrial manufacture of acetylene, and is the major industrial use of calcium carbide.
Today acetylene is mainly manufactured by the partial combustion of methane or appears as a side product in the ethylene stream from cracking of hydrocarbons. Approximately 400,000 tonnes are produced this way annually (see acetylene preparation).
In China, acetylene derived from calcium carbide remains a raw material for the chemical industry, in particular for the production of polyvinyl chloride. Locally produced acetylene is more economical than using imported oil.[14] Production of calcium carbide in China has been increasing. In output was 8.94 million tons, with the capacity to produce 17 million tons.[15]
In the United States, Europe, and Japan, consumption of calcium carbide is generally declining.[16] Production levels in the US during the s were 236,000 tons per year.[13]
[
edit
]
Calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form calcium cyanamide:[5]
Commonly known as nitrolime, calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer. It is hydrolysed to cyanamide, H2NCN.[5]
[
edit
]
Calcium carbide is used:
[
7]
[
edit
]
Lit carbide lampCalcium carbide is used in carbide lamps. Water dripping on carbide produces acetylene gas, which burns and produces light. While these lamps gave steadier and brighter light than candles, they were dangerous in coal mines, where flammable methane gas made them a serious hazard. The presence of flammable gases in coal mines led to miner safety lamps such as the Davy lamp, in which a wire gauze reduces the risk of methane ignition. Carbide lamps were still used extensively in slate, copper, and tin mines where methane is not a serious hazard. Most miners' lamps have now been replaced by electric lamps.
Wanding Product Page
Carbide lamps are still used for mining in some less wealthy countries, for example in the silver mines near Potosí, Bolivia. Carbide lamps are also still used by some cavers exploring caves and other underground areas,[17] although they are increasingly being replaced in this use by LED lights.
Carbide lamps were also used extensively as headlamps in early automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, but have been replaced entirely by electric lamps.[18]
[
edit
]
Calcium carbide is sometimes used as source of acetylene, which like ethylene gas, is a ripening agent.[19] However, this is illegal in some countries as, in the production of acetylene from calcium carbide, contamination often leads to trace production of phosphine and arsine.[20][21] These impurities can be removed by passing the acetylene gas through acidified copper sulfate solution, but, in developing countries, this precaution is often neglected.
Calcium carbide is used in toy cannons such as the Big-Bang Cannon, as well as in bamboo cannons. In the Netherlands calcium carbide is used around new-year to shoot with milk churns.[22]
Calcium carbide, together with calcium phosphide, is used in floating, self-igniting naval signal flares, such as those produced by the Holmes' Marine Life Protection Association.
Calcium carbide is used to determine the moisture content of soil. When soil and calcium carbide are mixed in a closed pressure cylinder, the water content in soil reacts with calcium carbide to release acetylene whose pressure can be measured to determine the moisture content.[23][24]
Calcium carbide is sold commercially as a mole repellent.[25] When it comes into contact with water, the gas produced drives moles away.[26]
[
edit
]
What is Calcium Carbide?
Pure Calcium Carbide is a colourless and odourless solid with the chemical formula CaC2.
Commercial Calcium Carbide, however, may present in a relatively wide range of colours depending on the impurities present (usually calcium, magnesium, and other oxides).
CaC2 is a chemical compound with a chemical name Calcium Carbide. It is also known as calcium acetylide, phenyl glyceryl ether diacetate, and glycerol phenyl ether diacetate. Calcium Carbide in its pure form appears as a colourless crystalline solid and is a rock-like structure at room temperature.
Calcium Carbide Structure (CaC2 Structure)
Production of Calcium Carbide &#; CaC2
Production of calcium carbide in industries is as follows.
This compound is widely used in the manufacture of calcium cyanamide and acetylene.
Properties of Calcium Carbide &#; CaC2
CaC2 Calcium Carbide Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 64.099 g/mol Density 2.22 g/cm3 Melting Point 0C Boiling Point oCUses of Calcium Carbide (CaC2)
Calcium carbide can be reacted with water to produce acetylene and calcium hydroxide. Calcium cyanamide can also be produced from this compound by reacting it with nitrogen at relatively high temperatures. Calcium carbide is also used in the desulphirisation of iron.
In carbide lamps, calcium carbide plays an integral role. Water dripping on the carbide creates acetylene gas, which burns and emits light. Carbide lamps were still commonly used in early cars, motorcycles, and bicycles as headlights, but were eventually replaced by electric lamps
Calcium carbide can be produced industrially from a mixture of lime and coke at about 2.200 ° C (3.990 ° F) in an electric arc furnace. In conventional combustion, the high temperature needed for this reaction is not technically achievable, so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes.
Learn more about the structure, physical and chemical properties of Calcium Carbide (CaC2) from the expert faculties at BYJU&#;S.
Other Related Links:
For more Calcium Carbide Stonesinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.