Many multi-board PCBs will not use board-to-board connectors or simple wired cables to make connections between PCBs. With just a pair of PCBs that need to connect to each other, a single cable or board-to-board connector will be enough. However, many products will use multiple PCBs that all connect with each other, and the number of cables involved can quickly become unmanageable inside an enclosure. The solution to keep all those wires and cables organized can be very simple: build a wiring harness.
Wiring harnesses come in all shapes and sizes, and they can become quite complex both mechanically and electrically. While there is a bit of design and assembly effort to create a wire harness that will work in an enclosure, wiring harnesses are worth the effort. This is especially true when a product goes into assembly and you need to idiot-proof your cabling. So if you're wondering what kind of wiring harness you might use in your product, take a look at these options.
The simplest type of wiring harness uses point-to-point cable bundles and packages them together into a single harness assembly. Cable bundles can be packed together using adhesives, tapes, sheathing, or mesh jackets. The cables used in these bundles could be off-the-shelf cables, custom cables, or a combination of these. Interconnect topology that usually arises from this is point-to-point because of the direct connections via these cables.
Cabling coming off of a connector can be bifurcated, where a single connector has wiring splitting off to two different destinations. This would be used to have a single receptacle on one PCB connecting to at least two other PCBs. This is a more sophisticated type of wiring harness that involves mixing and matching connectors and receptacles across different boards.
Simple bifurcated cable
Flex ribbons can also be used as wiring harnesses, which would allow a mix of edge connectors, surface mount connectors, and even through-hole connectors to interface with a group of PCBs. Flex connectors have an advantage and that they are very flat and so they may be useful in very low profile products. In some products, a wire bundle in a standard wiring harness simply won&#;t fit in the design, so a flex cable becomes a very attractive option.
Custom flex cables used as harnesses can have multiple branches going to receptacles on different PCBs.
When used as a wiring harness, the flex cable follows the same design rules as a flex PCB. The main difference here is the selection of connectors on the flex cable. Connectors on flex cables that plug into PCB receptacles should generally not be surface mounted if the flex ribbon will plug and unplug repeatedly. The reason is that the flexible polyamide could easily separate from the SMD pads. Instead, opt for SMD connectors that have a through-hole mounting assist or a through-hole welding tab as this will prevent solder fracture near the connector plug, and it will allow the cable to be connected and disconnected repeatedly.
If you want to build a wiring harness, such as using bifurcated cables, you will need to select receptacles and mating connectors in order to make the required connections. Connector vendors do not normally specify their plug connectors as being used for wiring harnesses. Typically, these are crimp connectors that allow an assembler to attach a wire and then build out a cable assembly or wiring harness. For example, take a look at the Molex connector below.
This connector (Molex part number ) uses crimps for wire attachment which could be integrated into a custom wiring harness.
A wiring harness can be easily built from this connector by using crimp contacts, which slide into the connector. The crimp contact will crimp onto a wire, and this allows the wire to slide in and secure itself inside the connector body. Once the connector is mated to its receptacle on a PCB, the required electrical connection is completed.
For a wiring harness assembler, the PCB and product documentation will need to include these parts for the wiring and harness components in the BOM. You will need to include:
This can be included in the product&#;s full BOM. I also like to include this information directly in the schematic for the connecting PCB, so that there is no question as to what is the mating connector, crimp, or wiring. Some crimps require special crimp tools with their own part number, and this part number should also be included in the documentation.
These materials will need to be supplied to a wiring harness assembler so that a full wiring harness can be procured. The wiring harness should probably also have its own bill of materials, and it will need a detailed drawing showing pin connections on each connector plug, as well as part numbers for compatible crimps. Documentation of wiring harnesses can be difficult and may require some manual drawing due to the lack of standardization. Contact your cable assembly or wiring harness manufacturer to make sure you provide them the documentation they need to correctly assemble your wiring harness.
When building a custom wiring harness or cable assembly, designers historically resorted to running cabling through a prototype enclosure using spooled wire, or even using string. A harness would then have to be hand-assembled in order to check to see that it would fit in the enclosure. If a flex cable was being used as a harness, then a flex prototype would need to be built, something which can be quite expensive with thin polyimide flex ribbons.
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Obviously, this is expensive and time consuming, especially when you are simply trying to estimate the wiring length inside the enclosure. Today's design teams should instead leverage MCAD applications and 3D models of the enclosure in order to estimate and size cabling. These tools can easily draw in cabling of various shapes and sizes, as well as insert bends to visualize cable paths within a wiring harness.
Wiring harness designed in SolidWorks
The side benefit of this is it also allows experimentation with connector placement in a 3D mechanical model of the PCB within the enclosure. 3D models of connectors, such as STEP models, are widely available from most connector manufacturers and can be quickly used in ECAD and MCAD applications.
The weld tabs on this locking clip connector (Samtec part number PES-04-01-S-VT-LC) provide extra reinforcement for any flex cable-mounted interface connectors.
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Wire harness connectors and terminals are basic components found in a wire harness. A wire harness, sometimes referred to as a wire assembly, is a set of multiple wires or cables in their own protective covers or jackets that are bundled into a single wire harness. Wire harnesses keep electronic or electrical systems organized to transmit signals, relay information, or electrical power. They also protect the bound wires from constant friction, general wear, temperature extremes and other environmental conditions or potential damage that the harness may be exposed to.
Though wire harness design may vary greatly depending on the application or system requirements, the three fundamental components of a wire harness are the same. A wiring harness consists of wires, connectors and terminals. The latter two are the backbone of the wire harness. The types of connectors and terminals used in a wire harness directly determine the overall performance, reliability and stability of the harness.
Connectors are the electro-mechanical devices used to form a continuous electronic signal to connect wire harnesses to a power source or circuit. On a basic level, connectors consist of male-ended plugs and female-ended jacks that can be joined together to relay an electronic signal. They are the familiar mating pair of polarized multi-pin connectors with wire leads. A male-ended plastic housing with release fits into a snap-mounted female-ended chassis mounting. The pair can be connected or disconnected easily and come in a variety of sizes, shapes, materials, quality, and dimensions&#;circular, header, pin, crimped, multitap&#;which are dependent on the application.
The design features of connectors are related to their performance. Their function dictates design. The ease of connection, the particular mating type, durability, the necessary insulation between pins and so on, is determined by the environment that the connectors will perform in. This includes protection from extreme temperatures, constant vibration, moisture, contaminants, dust, dirt, and the like.
Because connectors must perform many functions under many conditions, their design varies widely for a broad range of applications, from consumer electronics to powering aerospace, medical equipment and military hardware. Their only commonality is that they provide an inline connect and disconnect within a circuit. The shapes and sizes of the connectors are designed to fit the needs.
Connectors consist of a number of signal contacts, a number of power contacts, and configurations such as board-to-board, wire-to-wire, or board-to-wire. Manufacturing of connectors produces an extensive catalog of standard designs such as 2, 3 and 4 pin connectors or similar conductor locking connectors, or weather resistant connectors. Depending on the needs, custom connectors can be manufactured to fit an application&#;s specifications.
Terminals are another necessary component to establish an electronic or electrical connection in a wire harness. The terminal is an electromechanical device that terminates a conductor to a fixed post, stud, chassis, etc., to establish that connection. They are generally composed of a metal or alloy, but there are other conductive materials available such as carbon or silicon.
Terminals come in many designs, shapes and sizes. They are the familiar pins in connector housings that provide electrical or electronic conduction to secure the connections. There are terminations used to join the connector pin or socket to its associated conductor &#; whether it&#;s a wire or PCB trace, for example. Terminal types vary, too. They may be crimped connections, soldered connections, press-fit in a ribbon connector or even wire-wrap. They also come in many shapes such as ring, spade, hook, quick-disconnect, bullet, butt terminals and flagged.
Terminal selection will depend on your design and application as a whole. For example, they can be insulated or non-insulated. Insulation provides a protective, non-conductive layer. In harsh environmental conditions, insulated terminals protect the device and components from moisture and temperature extremes. Insulation is typically made of either a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer wrap. If no protection from environmental conditions is required, non-insulated terminals are an economical choice.
Each wire harness application is unique and designed for a particular function, with its own set of constraints and combination of signals. The selection of the right connectors and terminals for the application is vital to the overall performance of the wire harness and its success.
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